Interminority Colorism
Minorities are more likely than White people to engage in intragroup colorism & colorism against minority groups in general
“Emerging literature has acknowledged the lack of empirical work & theory on interminority relations (Al Ramiah et al., 2014; Glasford & Calcagno, 2012; Hindriks et al., Coenders, 2014; Philip et al., 2010; Richeson & Craig, 2011; White et al., 2006)” (Burson & Godfrey, 2018).
“It is misguided to assume that different minority groups feel an innate sense of common identity or have positive attitudes towards each other (Craig & Richeson, 2012; Glasford & Calcagno, 2012; Hindriks et al., 2016)” (Quesnel, 2020).
American minorities have more positive interracial attitudes towards White Americans than towards other minority groups (Craig & Richeson, 2012).
India
“Since 1975, over 1.2 million Southeast Asian refugees entered the US to escape political turmoil. They are the largest refugee group in US history. This influx of Southeast Asian refugees coupled with the lack of resources devoted to them due to the model minority myth makes it extremely difficult for these groups to access needed services.”
Skin color preferences in India may have existed prior to colonization. For instance, descriptions of castes in religious texts indicated that Sudras (the lowest class in Hinduism) were darker than Brahmins (the highest caste in Hinduism) (Ghurye, 1969; Modi, 2016; Vaid 2009).
One’s placement on the skin tone hierarchy is associated with South Asian marriageability, with the most desirable South Asian brides being described as “fair” (read: whiter skin tone) (Vaid, 2009).
East Asia
For Asians who lived in countries that were not colonized, “Whiteness” was not the point of origin for colorism (Rondilla & Spickard, 2007). Colorism was a class-based notion where skin tone reflected one’s position or socioeconomic status (King-O’Rianin, 2006).
For example, dark-skinned Asians were often viewed as manual laborers or peasants who were relegated to working outside. Their skin tone and class position were frequently associated with poverty and “backwardness” (Hunter, 2008; Rondilla & Spikard, 2007). On the other hand, Asians who possessed a lighter complexion were often perceived as members of the upper or elite classes.
It was customary practice up to the mid-19th century for upper class Japanese men & women to use white-lead powder makeup to appear as white as possible as it was a socially wealthier skin tone (Glenn, 2009).
This ritual seemingly reinforced the class imperative that being lighter meant having more wealth & resources. In short, Colorism among Asians shouldn’t be interpreted as Asians wanting to be White (Rondilla & Spikard,p 2007).
Which almost raises the question… If jobs had been created in reverse, such that only royalty was allowed to work outside & non-elites were required to work inside, would that have led to the opposite skin tone hierarchy arising in East Asian countries?
Louise Verdonck (2017)
Minorities experience discrimination, but also discriminate themselves (Aerts et al., 2010; Allport, 1954; Chen, 2010; Shapiro & Neuberg, 2008).
Harbi (2016)
“Minorities widely share prejudiced opinions towards other minority groups.” (see also Chen, 2010; Harbi, 2016).
The overall social approval of behaviors by traditionally dominant groups can lend themselves to the adoption of such behaviors by other minorities in dominant rankings.
— Hispanics are the dominant minority in the United States (Makert, 2010).
Jackson Lu et al. (2020)
— South Asians experience more prejudice than East Asians (mostly phenotypic)
— “Analyses revealed that East Asians faced less prejudice than South Asians”
Florian Lautner (2018)
Racism is by no means exclusive to the majority but also exists among minority groups themselves, a form of racism referred to as ‘inter-minority racism’ — Louise Verdonck, 2017
— “Minorities experience discrimination, but also discriminate themselves (Aerts et al., 2010; Allport, 1954; Chen, 2010; Shapiro & Neuberg, 2008).”
(Pidduck et al., 2020)
“The greater the diversity of foreign cultural exposure one attains, the greater it expands scanning and search, association and connection, and evaluation and judgment schemata salient to the pursuit of new venture opportunities”
Diverse groups have been shown to perform better than more homogenous ones (Herring, 2009).
Interminority marriage was more common before Loving v Virginia (Leonard, 1994) (see also Karen Leonard, 2010).
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Filters
Profile pics facilitate social interaction in the virtual public sphere (Lin & Faste, 2012).
“Filtered images are 21% more likely to be viewed and 45% more likely to receive comments than unfiltered photos. Filters that impose warm color temperature, boost contrast and increase exposure, are more likely to be noticed” (Bakhshi et al., 2015).
The majority of experimental research on racial/ethnic discrimination across multiple domains in the U.S. has focused primarily on differences between Whites and Blacks (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2004; Gaddis 2015; Pager 2003).
Only recently have researchers started to examine discrimination against Latino/as using correspondence audits with any regularity (Gaddis 2017b; Quillian et al. 2017) and few studies have tested for discrimination against additional racial/ethnic groups.
Discrimination against Latino/as by landlords (Feldman and Weseley 2013; Friedman, Squires, and Galvan 2010; Hanson and Santas 2014).
HUD audits began including Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans in tests of discrimination in the early 2000s (Turner and Ross 2003a, 2003b)
Discrimination in roommate selection and only between Whites and Arab Americans (Gaddis and Ghoshal 2015)
Social network friendship request acceptance (Hebl et al. 2012) show that participants, who are mostly part of the Millennial generation, engage in social racial profiling.
Studies of online dating (Feliciano, Lee, and Robnett 2011; Feliciano, Robnett, and Komaie 2009; Fisman et al. 2008; Robnett and Feliciano 2011) ) show that millennials engage in social racial profiling.
Moreover, real-life social networks among younger Americans remain heavily segregated by race (Mouw and Entwisle 2006).
Audit Studies
The audit method permits researchers to examine difficult to detect behavior (e.g. racial/ethnic discrimination) by randomly assigning a treatment condition (e.g. race or ethnicity) and then recording an outcome (e.g. a callback for an interview) from a realworld scenario (e.g. the hiring process).
2.1 Updates
Rodriguez-Garcia et al., 2016
— Lighter skinned in-laws are more likely to reject a darker skinned son/daughter-in-law than darker skinned in-laws are to reject a lighter skinned daughter/son-in-law.
Skin tone and online dating (Tsunokai et al., 2019)
Tsunokai et al. (2009) documented that Asians and Whites were 31% and 24% less likely to state a preference to date an African American compared to their Hispanic counterparts, respectively. Such findings have added to an ongoing debate as to whether Asians — a group that Bonilla-Silva (2013) has called “honorary Whites” — have adopted similar patterns of racial exclusion to that of Whites. The present study found that darker skinned Asians expressed a greater willingness to date African Americans and Latino/Latinas compared to their lighter counterparts.
“博观而约取，厚积而薄发。”
— 《稼说送张琥》宋 苏轼
******
“Do a lot of reading then distill the wisdom for use; store up affluently then release little by little.”— By Su Shi • Song Dynasty